AttributeArray.h

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// Copyright Contributors to the OpenVDB Project
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
/// @file points/AttributeArray.h
///
/// @authors Dan Bailey, Mihai Alden, Nick Avramoussis, James Bird, Khang Ngo
///
/// @brief  Attribute Array storage templated on type and compression codec.
 
#ifndef OPENVDB_POINTS_ATTRIBUTE_ARRAY_HAS_BEEN_INCLUDED
#define OPENVDB_POINTS_ATTRIBUTE_ARRAY_HAS_BEEN_INCLUDED
 
#include <openvdb/Types.h>
#include <openvdb/math/QuantizedUnitVec.h>
#include <openvdb/util/Name.h>
#include <openvdb/util/logging.h>
#include <openvdb/util/Assert.h>
#include <openvdb/io/io.h> // MappedFile
#include <openvdb/io/Compression.h> // COMPRESS_BLOSC
 
#include "IndexIterator.h"
#include "StreamCompression.h"
 
#include <tbb/spin_mutex.h>
#include <atomic>
 
#include <memory>
#include <mutex>
#include <string>
#include <type_traits>
 
 
class TestAttributeArray;
 
namespace openvdb {
OPENVDB_USE_VERSION_NAMESPACE
namespace OPENVDB_VERSION_NAME {
 
 
using NamePair = std::pair<Name, Name>;
 
namespace points {
 
 
////////////////////////////////////////
 
// Utility methods
 
template <typename IntegerT, typename FloatT>
inline IntegerT
floatingPointToFixedPoint(const FloatT s)
{
    static_assert(std::is_unsigned<IntegerT>::value, "IntegerT must be unsigned");
    if (FloatT(0.0) > s) return std::numeric_limits<IntegerT>::min();
    else if (FloatT(1.0) <= s) return std::numeric_limits<IntegerT>::max();
    return IntegerT(s * FloatT(std::numeric_limits<IntegerT>::max()));
}
 
 
template <typename FloatT, typename IntegerT>
inline FloatT
fixedPointToFloatingPoint(const IntegerT s)
{
    static_assert(std::is_unsigned<IntegerT>::value, "IntegerT must be unsigned");
    return FloatT(s) / FloatT((std::numeric_limits<IntegerT>::max()));
}
 
template <typename IntegerVectorT, typename FloatT>
inline IntegerVectorT
floatingPointToFixedPoint(const math::Vec3<FloatT>& v)
{
    return IntegerVectorT(
        floatingPointToFixedPoint<typename IntegerVectorT::ValueType>(v.x()),
        floatingPointToFixedPoint<typename IntegerVectorT::ValueType>(v.y()),
        floatingPointToFixedPoint<typename IntegerVectorT::ValueType>(v.z()));
}
 
template <typename FloatVectorT, typename IntegerT>
inline FloatVectorT
fixedPointToFloatingPoint(const math::Vec3<IntegerT>& v)
{
    return FloatVectorT(
        fixedPointToFloatingPoint<typename FloatVectorT::ValueType>(v.x()),
        fixedPointToFloatingPoint<typename FloatVectorT::ValueType>(v.y()),
        fixedPointToFloatingPoint<typename FloatVectorT::ValueType>(v.z()));
}
 
 
////////////////////////////////////////
 
 
/// Base class for storing attribute data
class OPENVDB_API AttributeArray
{
protected:
    struct AccessorBase;
    template <typename T> struct Accessor;
 
    using AccessorBasePtr = std::shared_ptr<AccessorBase>;
 
public:
    enum Flag {
        TRANSIENT = 0x1,            /// by default not written to disk
        HIDDEN = 0x2,               /// hidden from UIs or iterators
        CONSTANTSTRIDE = 0x8,       /// stride size does not vary in the array
        STREAMING = 0x10,           /// streaming mode collapses attributes when first accessed
        PARTIALREAD = 0x20          /// data has been partially read (compressed bytes is used)
    };
 
    enum SerializationFlag {
        WRITESTRIDED = 0x1,         /// data is marked as strided when written
        WRITEUNIFORM = 0x2,         /// data is marked as uniform when written
        WRITEMEMCOMPRESS = 0x4,     /// data is marked as compressed in-memory when written
                                    /// (deprecated flag as of ABI=6)
        WRITEPAGED = 0x8            /// data is written out in pages
    };
 
    // Scoped Lock wrapper class that locks the AttributeArray registry mutex
    class OPENVDB_API ScopedRegistryLock
    {
        tbb::spin_mutex::scoped_lock lock;
    public:
        ScopedRegistryLock();
    }; // class ScopedRegistryLock
 
    using Ptr           = std::shared_ptr<AttributeArray>;
    using ConstPtr      = std::shared_ptr<const AttributeArray>;
 
    using FactoryMethod = Ptr (*)(Index, Index, bool, const Metadata*);
 
    template <typename ValueType, typename CodecType> friend class AttributeHandle;
 
    AttributeArray(): mPageHandle() { mOutOfCore = 0; }
    virtual ~AttributeArray()
    {
        // if this AttributeArray has been partially read, zero the compressed bytes,
        // so the page handle won't attempt to clean up invalid memory
        if (mFlags & PARTIALREAD)       mCompressedBytes = 0;
    }
    AttributeArray(const AttributeArray& rhs);
    AttributeArray& operator=(const AttributeArray& rhs);
    AttributeArray(AttributeArray&&) = delete;
    AttributeArray& operator=(AttributeArray&&) = delete;
 
    /// Return a copy of this attribute.
    virtual AttributeArray::Ptr copy() const = 0;
 
    /// Return the number of elements in this array.
    /// @note This does not count each data element in a strided array
    virtual Index size() const = 0;
 
    /// Return the stride of this array.
    /// @note a return value of zero means a non-constant stride
    virtual Index stride() const = 0;
 
    /// Return the total number of data elements in this array.
    /// @note This counts each data element in a strided array
    virtual Index dataSize() const = 0;
 
    /// Return the name of the value type of a single element in this array (e.g., "float" or "vec3d").
    virtual Name valueType() const = 0;
 
    /// Return the name of the codec used by this array (e.g., "trnc" or "fxpt").
    virtual Name codecType() const = 0;
 
    /// Return the size in bytes of the value type of a single element in this array.
    /// (e.g. "float" -> 4 bytes, "vec3d" -> 24 bytes").
    virtual Index valueTypeSize() const = 0;
 
    /// Return the size in bytes of the storage type of a single element of this array.
    /// @note If the Codec is a NullCodec, valueSize() == storageSize()
    virtual Index storageTypeSize() const = 0;
 
    /// Return @c true if the value type is floating point
    virtual bool valueTypeIsFloatingPoint() const = 0;
 
    /// Return @c true if the value type is a class (ie vector, matrix or quaternion return true)
    virtual bool valueTypeIsClass() const = 0;
 
    /// Return @c true if the value type is a vector
    virtual bool valueTypeIsVector() const = 0;
 
    /// Return @c true if the value type is a quaternion
    virtual bool valueTypeIsQuaternion() const = 0;
 
    /// Return @c true if the value type is a matrix
    virtual bool valueTypeIsMatrix() const = 0;
 
    /// Return the number of bytes of memory used by this attribute.
    virtual size_t memUsage() const = 0;
 
    /// Return the number of bytes of memory used by this attribute array once it
    /// has been deserialized (this may be different to memUsage() if delay-loading
    /// is in use). Note that this method does NOT consider the fact that a
    /// uniform attribute could be expanded and only deals with delay-loading.
    virtual size_t memUsageIfLoaded() const = 0;
 
    /// Create a new attribute array of the given (registered) type, length and stride.
    /// @details If @a lock is non-null, the AttributeArray registry mutex
    /// has already been locked
    static Ptr create(const NamePair& type, Index length, Index stride = 1,
        bool constantStride = true,
        const Metadata* metadata = nullptr,
        const ScopedRegistryLock* lock = nullptr);
 
    /// Return @c true if the given attribute type name is registered.
    static bool isRegistered(const NamePair& type, const ScopedRegistryLock* lock = nullptr);
    /// Clear the attribute type registry.
    static void clearRegistry(const ScopedRegistryLock* lock = nullptr);
 
    /// Return the name of this attribute's type.
    virtual const NamePair& type() const = 0;
    /// Return @c true if this attribute is of the same type as the template parameter.
    template<typename AttributeArrayType>
    bool isType() const { return this->type() == AttributeArrayType::attributeType(); }
 
    /// Return @c true if this attribute has a value type the same as the template parameter
    template<typename ValueType>
    bool hasValueType() const { return this->type().first == typeNameAsString<ValueType>(); }
 
    /// @brief Copy values into this array from a source array to a target array
    /// as referenced by an iterator.
    /// @details Iterators must adhere to the ForwardIterator interface described
    /// in the example below:
    /// @code
    /// struct MyIterator
    /// {
    ///     // returns true if the iterator is referencing valid copying indices
    ///     operator bool() const;
    ///     // increments the iterator
    ///     MyIterator& operator++();
    ///     // returns the source index that the iterator is referencing for copying
    ///     Index sourceIndex() const;
    ///     // returns the target index that the iterator is referencing for copying
    ///     Index targetIndex() const;
    /// };
    /// @endcode
    /// @note It is assumed that the strided storage sizes match, the arrays are both in-core,
    /// and both value types are floating-point or both integer.
    /// @note It is possible to use this method to write to a uniform target array
    /// if the iterator does not have non-zero target indices.
    /// @note This method is not thread-safe, it must be guaranteed that this array is not
    /// concurrently modified by another thread and that the source array is also not modified.
    template<typename IterT>
    void copyValuesUnsafe(const AttributeArray& sourceArray, const IterT& iter);
    /// @brief Like copyValuesUnsafe(), but if @a compact is true, attempt to collapse this array.
    /// @note This method is not thread-safe, it must be guaranteed that this array is not
    /// concurrently modified by another thread and that the source array is also not modified.
    template<typename IterT>
    void copyValues(const AttributeArray& sourceArray, const IterT& iter, bool compact = true);
 
    /// Return @c true if this array is stored as a single uniform value.
    virtual bool isUniform() const = 0;
    /// @brief  If this array is uniform, replace it with an array of length size().
    /// @param  fill if true, assign the uniform value to each element of the array.
    virtual void expand(bool fill = true) = 0;
    /// Replace the existing array with a uniform zero value.
    virtual void collapse() = 0;
    /// Compact the existing array to become uniform if all values are identical
    virtual bool compact() = 0;
 
    /// @brief   Specify whether this attribute should be hidden (e.g., from UI or iterators).
    /// @details This is useful if the attribute is used for blind data or as scratch space
    ///          for a calculation.
    /// @note    Attributes are not hidden by default.
    void setHidden(bool state);
    /// Return @c true if this attribute is hidden (e.g., from UI or iterators).
    bool isHidden() const { return bool(mFlags & HIDDEN); }
 
    /// @brief Specify whether this attribute should only exist in memory
    ///        and not be serialized during stream output.
    /// @note  Attributes are not transient by default.
    void setTransient(bool state);
    /// Return @c true if this attribute is not serialized during stream output.
    bool isTransient() const { return bool(mFlags & TRANSIENT); }
 
    /// @brief Specify whether this attribute is to be streamed off disk, in which
    ///        case, the attributes are collapsed after being first loaded leaving them
    ///        in a destroyed state.
    ///  @note This operation is not thread-safe.
    void setStreaming(bool state);
    /// Return @c true if this attribute is in streaming mode.
    bool isStreaming() const { return bool(mFlags & STREAMING); }
 
    /// Return @c true if this attribute has a constant stride
    bool hasConstantStride() const { return bool(mFlags & CONSTANTSTRIDE); }
 
    /// @brief Retrieve the attribute array flags
    uint8_t flags() const { return mFlags; }
 
    /// Read attribute metadata and buffers from a stream.
    virtual void read(std::istream&) = 0;
    /// Write attribute metadata and buffers to a stream.
    /// @param outputTransient if true, write out transient attributes
    virtual void write(std::ostream&, bool outputTransient) const = 0;
    /// Write attribute metadata and buffers to a stream, don't write transient attributes.
    virtual void write(std::ostream&) const = 0;
 
    /// Read attribute metadata from a stream.
    virtual void readMetadata(std::istream&) = 0;
    /// Write attribute metadata to a stream.
    /// @param outputTransient if true, write out transient attributes
    /// @param paged           if true, data is written out in pages
    virtual void writeMetadata(std::ostream&, bool outputTransient, bool paged) const = 0;
 
    /// Read attribute buffers from a stream.
    virtual void readBuffers(std::istream&) = 0;
    /// Write attribute buffers to a stream.
    /// @param outputTransient if true, write out transient attributes
    virtual void writeBuffers(std::ostream&, bool outputTransient) const = 0;
 
    /// Read attribute buffers from a paged stream.
    virtual void readPagedBuffers(compression::PagedInputStream&) = 0;
    /// Write attribute buffers to a paged stream.
    /// @param outputTransient if true, write out transient attributes
    virtual void writePagedBuffers(compression::PagedOutputStream&, bool outputTransient) const = 0;
 
    /// Ensures all data is in-core
    virtual void loadData() const = 0;
 
    /// Return @c true if all data has been loaded
    virtual bool isDataLoaded() const = 0;
 
    /// Check the compressed bytes and flags. If they are equal, perform a deeper
    /// comparison check necessary on the inherited types (TypedAttributeArray)
    /// Requires non operator implementation due to inheritance
    bool operator==(const AttributeArray& other) const;
    bool operator!=(const AttributeArray& other) const { return !this->operator==(other); }
 
    /// Indirect virtual function to retrieve the data buffer cast to a char byte array
    const char* constDataAsByteArray() const { return this->dataAsByteArray(); }
 
private:
    friend class ::TestAttributeArray;
 
    /// Virtual function used by the comparison operator to perform
    /// comparisons on inherited types
    virtual bool isEqual(const AttributeArray& other) const = 0;
 
    /// Virtual function to retrieve the data buffer cast to a char byte array
    virtual char* dataAsByteArray() = 0;
    virtual const char* dataAsByteArray() const = 0;
 
    /// Private implementation for copyValues/copyValuesUnsafe
    template <typename IterT>
    void doCopyValues(const AttributeArray& sourceArray, const IterT& iter,
        bool rangeChecking = true);
 
protected:
    AttributeArray(const AttributeArray& rhs, const tbb::spin_mutex::scoped_lock&);
 
    /// @brief Specify whether this attribute has a constant stride or not.
    void setConstantStride(bool state);
 
    /// Obtain an Accessor that stores getter and setter functors.
    virtual AccessorBasePtr getAccessor() const = 0;
 
    /// Register a attribute type along with a factory function.
    static void registerType(const NamePair& type, FactoryMethod,
        const ScopedRegistryLock* lock = nullptr);
    /// Remove a attribute type from the registry.
    static void unregisterType(const NamePair& type,
        const ScopedRegistryLock* lock = nullptr);
 
    bool mIsUniform = true;
    mutable tbb::spin_mutex mMutex;
    uint8_t mFlags = 0;
    uint8_t mUsePagedRead = 0;
    std::atomic<Index32> mOutOfCore; // interpreted as bool
    /// used for out-of-core, paged reading
    union {
        compression::PageHandle::Ptr mPageHandle;
        size_t mCompressedBytes;
    };
}; // class AttributeArray
 
 
////////////////////////////////////////
 
 
/// Accessor base class for AttributeArray storage where type is not available
struct AttributeArray::AccessorBase { virtual ~AccessorBase() = default; };
 
/// Templated Accessor stores typed function pointers used in binding
/// AttributeHandles
template <typename T>
struct AttributeArray::Accessor : public AttributeArray::AccessorBase
{
    using GetterPtr = T (*)(const AttributeArray* array, const Index n);
    using SetterPtr = void (*)(AttributeArray* array, const Index n, const T& value);
    using ValuePtr  = void (*)(AttributeArray* array, const T& value);
 
    Accessor(GetterPtr getter, SetterPtr setter, ValuePtr collapser, ValuePtr filler) :
        mGetter(getter), mSetter(setter), mCollapser(collapser), mFiller(filler) { }
 
    GetterPtr mGetter;
    SetterPtr mSetter;
    ValuePtr  mCollapser;
    ValuePtr  mFiller;
}; // struct AttributeArray::Accessor
 
 
////////////////////////////////////////
 
 
namespace attribute_traits
{
    template <typename T> struct TruncateTrait { };
    template <> struct TruncateTrait<float> { using Type = math::half; };
    template <> struct TruncateTrait<int> { using Type = short; };
 
    template <typename T> struct TruncateTrait<math::Vec3<T>> {
        using Type = math::Vec3<typename TruncateTrait<T>::Type>;
    };
 
    template <bool OneByte, typename T> struct UIntTypeTrait { };
    template<typename T> struct UIntTypeTrait</*OneByte=*/true, T> { using Type = uint8_t; };
    template<typename T> struct UIntTypeTrait</*OneByte=*/false, T> { using Type = uint16_t; };
    template<typename T> struct UIntTypeTrait</*OneByte=*/true, math::Vec3<T>> {
        using Type = math::Vec3<uint8_t>;
    };
    template<typename T> struct UIntTypeTrait</*OneByte=*/false, math::Vec3<T>> {
        using Type = math::Vec3<uint16_t>;
    };
}
 
 
////////////////////////////////////////
 
 
// Attribute codec schemes
 
struct UnknownCodec { };
 
 
struct NullCodec
{
    template <typename T>
    struct Storage { using Type = T; };
 
    template<typename ValueType> static void decode(const ValueType&, ValueType&);
    template<typename ValueType> static void encode(const ValueType&, ValueType&);
    static const char* name() { return "null"; }
};
 
 
struct TruncateCodec
{
    template <typename T>
    struct Storage { using Type = typename attribute_traits::TruncateTrait<T>::Type; };
 
    template<typename StorageType, typename ValueType> static void decode(const StorageType&, ValueType&);
    template<typename StorageType, typename ValueType> static void encode(const ValueType&, StorageType&);
    static const char* name() { return "trnc"; }
};
 
 
// Fixed-point codec range for voxel-space positions [-0.5,0.5]
struct PositionRange
{
    static const char* name() { return "fxpt"; }
    template <typename ValueType> static ValueType encode(const ValueType& value) { return value + ValueType(0.5); }
    template <typename ValueType> static ValueType decode(const ValueType& value) { return value - ValueType(0.5); }
};
 
 
// Fixed-point codec range for unsigned values in the unit range [0.0,1.0]
struct UnitRange
{
    static const char* name() { return "ufxpt"; }
    template <typename ValueType> static ValueType encode(const ValueType& value) { return value; }
    template <typename ValueType> static ValueType decode(const ValueType& value) { return value; }
};
 
 
template <bool OneByte, typename Range=PositionRange>
struct FixedPointCodec
{
    template <typename T>
    struct Storage { using Type = typename attribute_traits::UIntTypeTrait<OneByte, T>::Type; };
 
    template<typename StorageType, typename ValueType> static void decode(const StorageType&, ValueType&);
    template<typename StorageType, typename ValueType> static void encode(const ValueType&, StorageType&);
 
    static const char* name() {
        static const std::string Name = std::string(Range::name()) + (OneByte ? "8" : "16");
        return Name.c_str();
    }
};
 
 
struct UnitVecCodec
{
    using StorageType = uint16_t;
 
    template <typename T>
    struct Storage { using Type = StorageType; };
 
    template<typename T> static void decode(const StorageType&, math::Vec3<T>&);
    template<typename T> static void encode(const math::Vec3<T>&, StorageType&);
    static const char* name() { return "uvec"; }
};
 
 
////////////////////////////////////////
 
 
/// Typed class for storing attribute data
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_ = NullCodec>
class TypedAttributeArray final: public AttributeArray
{
public:
    using Ptr           = std::shared_ptr<TypedAttributeArray>;
    using ConstPtr      = std::shared_ptr<const TypedAttributeArray>;
 
    using ValueType     = ValueType_;
    using Codec         = Codec_;
    using StorageType   = typename Codec::template Storage<ValueType>::Type;
 
    //////////
 
    /// Default constructor, always constructs a uniform attribute.
    explicit TypedAttributeArray(Index n = 1, Index strideOrTotalSize = 1, bool constantStride = true,
        const ValueType& uniformValue = zeroVal<ValueType>());
 
    /// Deep copy constructor.
    /// @note This method is thread-safe (as of ABI=7) for concurrently reading from the
    /// source attribute array while being deep-copied. Specifically, this means that the
    /// attribute array being deep-copied can be out-of-core and safely loaded in one thread
    /// while being copied using this copy-constructor in another thread.
    /// It is not thread-safe for write.
    TypedAttributeArray(const TypedAttributeArray&);
 
    /// Deep copy assignment operator.
    /// @note this operator is thread-safe.
    TypedAttributeArray& operator=(const TypedAttributeArray&);
    /// Move constructor disabled.
    TypedAttributeArray(TypedAttributeArray&&) = delete;
    /// Move assignment operator disabled.
    TypedAttributeArray& operator=(TypedAttributeArray&&) = delete;
 
    ~TypedAttributeArray() override { this->deallocate(); }
 
    /// Return a copy of this attribute.
    /// @note This method is thread-safe.
    AttributeArray::Ptr copy() const override;
 
    /// Return a new attribute array of the given length @a n and @a stride with uniform value zero.
    static Ptr create(Index n, Index strideOrTotalSize = 1, bool constantStride = true,
        const Metadata* metadata = nullptr);
 
    /// Cast an AttributeArray to TypedAttributeArray<T>
    static TypedAttributeArray& cast(AttributeArray& attributeArray);
 
    /// Cast an AttributeArray to TypedAttributeArray<T>
    static const TypedAttributeArray& cast(const AttributeArray& attributeArray);
 
    /// Return the name of this attribute's type (includes codec)
    static const NamePair& attributeType();
    /// Return the name of this attribute's type.
    const NamePair& type() const override { return attributeType(); }
 
    /// Return @c true if this attribute type is registered.
    static bool isRegistered();
    /// Register this attribute type along with a factory function.
    static void registerType();
    /// Remove this attribute type from the registry.
    static void unregisterType();
 
    /// Return the number of elements in this array.
    Index size() const override { return mSize; }
 
    /// Return the stride of this array.
    /// @note A return value of zero means a variable stride
    Index stride() const override { return hasConstantStride() ? mStrideOrTotalSize : 0; }
 
    /// Return the size of the data in this array.
    Index dataSize() const override {
        return hasConstantStride() ? mSize * mStrideOrTotalSize : mStrideOrTotalSize;
    }
 
    /// Return the name of the value type of a single element in this array (e.g., "float" or "vec3d").
    Name valueType() const override { return typeNameAsString<ValueType>(); }
 
    /// Return the name of the codec used by this array (e.g., "trnc" or "fxpt").
    Name codecType() const override { return Codec::name(); }
 
    /// Return the size in bytes of the value type of a single element in this array.
    Index valueTypeSize() const override { return sizeof(ValueType); }
 
    /// Return the size in bytes of the storage type of a single element of this array.
    /// @note If the Codec is a NullCodec, valueSize() == storageSize()
    Index storageTypeSize() const override { return sizeof(StorageType); }
 
    /// Return @c true if the value type is floating point
    bool valueTypeIsFloatingPoint() const override;
 
    /// Return @c true if the value type is a class (ie vector, matrix or quaternion return true)
    bool valueTypeIsClass() const override;
 
    /// Return @c true if the value type is a vector
    bool valueTypeIsVector() const override;
 
    /// Return @c true if the value type is a quaternion
    bool valueTypeIsQuaternion() const override;
 
    /// Return @c true if the value type is a matrix
    bool valueTypeIsMatrix() const override;
 
    /// Return the number of bytes of memory used by this attribute.
    size_t memUsage() const override;
 
    /// Return the number of bytes of memory used by this attribute array once it
    /// has been deserialized (this may be different to memUsage() if delay-loading
    /// is in use). Note that this method does NOT consider the fact that a
    /// uniform attribute could be expanded and only deals with delay-loading.
    size_t memUsageIfLoaded() const override;
 
    /// Return the value at index @a n (assumes in-core)
    ValueType getUnsafe(Index n) const;
    /// Return the value at index @a n
    ValueType get(Index n) const;
    /// Return the @a value at index @a n (assumes in-core)
    template<typename T> void getUnsafe(Index n, T& value) const;
    /// Return the @a value at index @a n
    template<typename T> void get(Index n, T& value) const;
 
    /// Non-member equivalent to getUnsafe() that static_casts array to this TypedAttributeArray
    /// (assumes in-core)
    static ValueType getUnsafe(const AttributeArray* array, const Index n);
 
    /// Set @a value at the given index @a n (assumes in-core)
    void setUnsafe(Index n, const ValueType& value);
    /// Set @a value at the given index @a n
    void set(Index n, const ValueType& value);
    /// Set @a value at the given index @a n (assumes in-core)
    template<typename T> void setUnsafe(Index n, const T& value);
    /// Set @a value at the given index @a n
    template<typename T> void set(Index n, const T& value);
 
    /// Non-member equivalent to setUnsafe() that static_casts array to this TypedAttributeArray
    /// (assumes in-core)
    static void setUnsafe(AttributeArray* array, const Index n, const ValueType& value);
 
    /// Return @c true if this array is stored as a single uniform value.
    bool isUniform() const override { return mIsUniform; }
    /// @brief  Replace the single value storage with an array of length size().
    /// @note   Non-uniform attributes are unchanged.
    /// @param  fill toggle to initialize the array elements with the pre-expanded value.
    void expand(bool fill = true) override;
    /// Replace the existing array with a uniform zero value.
    void collapse() override;
    /// Compact the existing array to become uniform if all values are identical
    bool compact() override;
 
    /// Replace the existing array with the given uniform value.
    void collapse(const ValueType& uniformValue);
    /// @brief Fill the existing array with the given value.
    /// @note Identical to collapse() except a non-uniform array will not become uniform.
    void fill(const ValueType& value);
 
    /// Non-member equivalent to collapse() that static_casts array to this TypedAttributeArray
    static void collapse(AttributeArray* array, const ValueType& value);
    /// Non-member equivalent to fill() that static_casts array to this TypedAttributeArray
    static void fill(AttributeArray* array, const ValueType& value);
 
    /// Read attribute data from a stream.
    void read(std::istream&) override;
    /// Write attribute data to a stream.
    /// @param os              the output stream
    /// @param outputTransient if true, write out transient attributes
    void write(std::ostream& os, bool outputTransient) const override;
    /// Write attribute data to a stream, don't write transient attributes.
    void write(std::ostream&) const override;
 
    /// Read attribute metadata from a stream.
    void readMetadata(std::istream&) override;
    /// Write attribute metadata to a stream.
    /// @param os              the output stream
    /// @param outputTransient if true, write out transient attributes
    /// @param paged           if true, data is written out in pages
    void writeMetadata(std::ostream& os, bool outputTransient, bool paged) const override;
 
    /// Read attribute buffers from a stream.
    void readBuffers(std::istream&) override;
    /// Write attribute buffers to a stream.
    /// @param os              the output stream
    /// @param outputTransient if true, write out transient attributes
    void writeBuffers(std::ostream& os, bool outputTransient) const override;
 
    /// Read attribute buffers from a paged stream.
    void readPagedBuffers(compression::PagedInputStream&) override;
    /// Write attribute buffers to a paged stream.
    /// @param os              the output stream
    /// @param outputTransient if true, write out transient attributes
    void writePagedBuffers(compression::PagedOutputStream& os, bool outputTransient) const override;
 
    /// Return @c true if this buffer's values have not yet been read from disk.
    inline bool isOutOfCore() const;
 
    /// Ensures all data is in-core
    void loadData() const override;
 
    /// Return @c true if all data has been loaded
    bool isDataLoaded() const override;
 
    /// Return the raw data buffer
    inline const StorageType* constData() const { return this->data(); }
 
protected:
    AccessorBasePtr getAccessor() const override;
 
    /// Return the raw data buffer
    inline StorageType* data() { OPENVDB_ASSERT(validData()); return mData.get(); }
    inline const StorageType* data() const { OPENVDB_ASSERT(validData()); return mData.get(); }
 
    /// Verify that data is not out-of-core or in a partially-read state
    inline bool validData() const { return !(isOutOfCore() || (flags() & PARTIALREAD)); }
 
private:
    friend class ::TestAttributeArray;
 
    TypedAttributeArray(const TypedAttributeArray&, const tbb::spin_mutex::scoped_lock&);
 
    /// Load data from memory-mapped file.
    inline void doLoad() const;
    /// Load data from memory-mapped file (unsafe as this function is not protected by a mutex).
    inline void doLoadUnsafe() const;
 
    /// Toggle out-of-core state
    inline void setOutOfCore(const bool);
 
    /// Compare the this data to another attribute array. Used by the base class comparison operator
    bool isEqual(const AttributeArray& other) const override;
 
    /// Virtual function to retrieve the data buffer from the derived class cast to a char byte array
    char* dataAsByteArray() override;
    const char* dataAsByteArray() const override;
 
    size_t arrayMemUsage() const;
    void allocate();
    void deallocate();
 
    /// Helper function for use with registerType()
    static AttributeArray::Ptr factory(Index n, Index strideOrTotalSize, bool constantStride,
        const Metadata* metadata) {
        return TypedAttributeArray::create(n, strideOrTotalSize, constantStride, metadata);
    }
 
    std::unique_ptr<StorageType[]>      mData;
    Index                               mSize;
    Index                               mStrideOrTotalSize;
}; // class TypedAttributeArray
 
 
////////////////////////////////////////
 
 
/// AttributeHandles provide access to specific TypedAttributeArray methods without needing
/// to know the compression codec, however these methods also incur the cost of a function pointer
template <typename ValueType, typename CodecType = UnknownCodec>
class AttributeHandle
{
public:
    using Handle    = AttributeHandle<ValueType, CodecType>;
    using Ptr       = std::shared_ptr<Handle>;
    using UniquePtr = std::unique_ptr<Handle>;
 
protected:
    using GetterPtr = ValueType (*)(const AttributeArray* array, const Index n);
    using SetterPtr = void (*)(AttributeArray* array, const Index n, const ValueType& value);
    using ValuePtr  = void (*)(AttributeArray* array, const ValueType& value);
 
public:
    static Ptr create(const AttributeArray& array, const bool collapseOnDestruction = true);
 
    AttributeHandle(const AttributeArray& array, const bool collapseOnDestruction = true);
 
    AttributeHandle(const AttributeHandle&) = default;
    AttributeHandle& operator=(const AttributeHandle&) = default;
 
    virtual ~AttributeHandle();
 
    Index stride() const { return mStrideOrTotalSize; }
    Index size() const { return mSize; }
 
    bool isUniform() const;
    bool hasConstantStride() const;
 
    ValueType get(Index n, Index m = 0) const;
 
    const AttributeArray& array() const;
 
protected:
    Index index(Index n, Index m) const;
 
    const AttributeArray* mArray;
 
    GetterPtr mGetter;
    SetterPtr mSetter;
    ValuePtr  mCollapser;
    ValuePtr  mFiller;
 
private:
    friend class ::TestAttributeArray;
 
    template <bool IsUnknownCodec>
    typename std::enable_if<IsUnknownCodec, bool>::type compatibleType() const;
 
    template <bool IsUnknownCodec>
    typename std::enable_if<!IsUnknownCodec, bool>::type compatibleType() const;
 
    template <bool IsUnknownCodec>
    typename std::enable_if<IsUnknownCodec, ValueType>::type get(Index index) const;
 
    template <bool IsUnknownCodec>
    typename std::enable_if<!IsUnknownCodec, ValueType>::type get(Index index) const;
 
    Index mStrideOrTotalSize;
    Index mSize;
    bool mCollapseOnDestruction;
}; // class AttributeHandle
 
 
////////////////////////////////////////
 
 
/// Write-able version of AttributeHandle
template <typename ValueType, typename CodecType = UnknownCodec>
class AttributeWriteHandle : public AttributeHandle<ValueType, CodecType>
{
public:
    using Handle    = AttributeWriteHandle<ValueType, CodecType>;
    using Ptr       = std::shared_ptr<Handle>;
    using ScopedPtr = std::unique_ptr<Handle>;
 
    static Ptr create(AttributeArray& array, const bool expand = true);
 
    AttributeWriteHandle(AttributeArray& array, const bool expand = true);
 
    virtual ~AttributeWriteHandle() = default;
 
    /// @brief  If this array is uniform, replace it with an array of length size().
    /// @param  fill if true, assign the uniform value to each element of the array.
    void expand(bool fill = true);
 
    /// Replace the existing array with a uniform value (zero if none provided).
    void collapse();
    void collapse(const ValueType& uniformValue);
 
    /// Compact the existing array to become uniform if all values are identical
    bool compact();
 
    /// @brief Fill the existing array with the given value.
    /// @note Identical to collapse() except a non-uniform array will not become uniform.
    void fill(const ValueType& value);
 
    void set(Index n, const ValueType& value);
    void set(Index n, Index m, const ValueType& value);
 
    AttributeArray& array();
 
private:
    friend class ::TestAttributeArray;
 
    template <bool IsUnknownCodec>
    typename std::enable_if<IsUnknownCodec, void>::type set(Index index, const ValueType& value) const;
 
    template <bool IsUnknownCodec>
    typename std::enable_if<!IsUnknownCodec, void>::type set(Index index, const ValueType& value) const;
}; // class AttributeWriteHandle
 
 
////////////////////////////////////////
 
 
// Attribute codec implementation
 
 
template<typename ValueType>
inline void
NullCodec::decode(const ValueType& data, ValueType& val)
{
    val = data;
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType>
inline void
NullCodec::encode(const ValueType& val, ValueType& data)
{
    data = val;
}
 
 
template<typename StorageType, typename ValueType>
inline void
TruncateCodec::decode(const StorageType& data, ValueType& val)
{
    val = static_cast<ValueType>(data);
}
 
 
template<typename StorageType, typename ValueType>
inline void
TruncateCodec::encode(const ValueType& val, StorageType& data)
{
    data = static_cast<StorageType>(val);
}
 
 
template <bool OneByte, typename Range>
template<typename StorageType, typename ValueType>
inline void
FixedPointCodec<OneByte, Range>::decode(const StorageType& data, ValueType& val)
{
    val = fixedPointToFloatingPoint<ValueType>(data);
 
    // shift value range to be -0.5 => 0.5 (as this is most commonly used for position)
 
    val = Range::template decode<ValueType>(val);
}
 
 
template <bool OneByte, typename Range>
template<typename StorageType, typename ValueType>
inline void
FixedPointCodec<OneByte, Range>::encode(const ValueType& val, StorageType& data)
{
    // shift value range to be -0.5 => 0.5 (as this is most commonly used for position)
 
    const ValueType newVal = Range::template encode<ValueType>(val);
 
    data = floatingPointToFixedPoint<StorageType>(newVal);
}
 
 
template<typename T>
inline void
UnitVecCodec::decode(const StorageType& data, math::Vec3<T>& val)
{
    val = math::QuantizedUnitVec::unpack(data);
}
 
 
template<typename T>
inline void
UnitVecCodec::encode(const math::Vec3<T>& val, StorageType& data)
{
    data = math::QuantizedUnitVec::pack(val);
}
 
 
////////////////////////////////////////
 
// AttributeArray implementation
 
template <typename IterT>
void AttributeArray::doCopyValues(const AttributeArray& sourceArray, const IterT& iter,
    bool rangeChecking/*=true*/)
{
    // ensure both arrays have float-float or integer-integer value types
    OPENVDB_ASSERT(sourceArray.valueTypeIsFloatingPoint() == this->valueTypeIsFloatingPoint());
    // ensure both arrays have been loaded from disk (if delay-loaded)
    OPENVDB_ASSERT(sourceArray.isDataLoaded() && this->isDataLoaded());
    // ensure storage size * stride matches on both arrays
    OPENVDB_ASSERT(this->storageTypeSize()*this->stride() ==
        sourceArray.storageTypeSize()*sourceArray.stride());
 
    const size_t bytes(sourceArray.storageTypeSize()*sourceArray.stride());
    const char* const sourceBuffer = sourceArray.dataAsByteArray();
    char* const targetBuffer = this->dataAsByteArray();
    OPENVDB_ASSERT(sourceBuffer && targetBuffer);
 
    if (rangeChecking && this->isUniform()) {
        OPENVDB_THROW(IndexError, "Cannot copy array data as target array is uniform.");
    }
 
    const bool sourceIsUniform = sourceArray.isUniform();
 
    const Index sourceDataSize = rangeChecking ? sourceArray.dataSize() : 0;
    const Index targetDataSize = rangeChecking ? this->dataSize() : 0;
 
    for (IterT it(iter); it; ++it) {
        const Index sourceIndex = sourceIsUniform ? 0 : it.sourceIndex();
        const Index targetIndex = it.targetIndex();
 
        if (rangeChecking) {
            if (sourceIndex >= sourceDataSize) {
                OPENVDB_THROW(IndexError,
                    "Cannot copy array data as source index exceeds size of source array.");
            }
            if (targetIndex >= targetDataSize) {
                OPENVDB_THROW(IndexError,
                    "Cannot copy array data as target index exceeds size of target array.");
            }
        } else {
            // range-checking asserts
            OPENVDB_ASSERT(sourceIndex < sourceArray.dataSize());
            OPENVDB_ASSERT(targetIndex < this->dataSize());
            if (this->isUniform())  OPENVDB_ASSERT(targetIndex == Index(0));
        }
 
        const size_t targetOffset(targetIndex * bytes);
        const size_t sourceOffset(sourceIndex * bytes);
 
        std::memcpy(targetBuffer + targetOffset, sourceBuffer + sourceOffset, bytes);
    }
}
 
template <typename IterT>
void AttributeArray::copyValuesUnsafe(const AttributeArray& sourceArray, const IterT& iter)
{
    this->doCopyValues(sourceArray, iter, /*range-checking=*/false);
}
 
template <typename IterT>
void AttributeArray::copyValues(const AttributeArray& sourceArray, const IterT& iter,
    bool compact/* = true*/)
{
    const Index bytes = sourceArray.storageTypeSize();
    if (bytes != this->storageTypeSize()) {
        OPENVDB_THROW(TypeError, "Cannot copy array data due to mis-match in storage type sizes.");
    }
 
    // ensure both arrays have been loaded from disk
    sourceArray.loadData();
    this->loadData();
 
    // if the target array is uniform, expand it first
    this->expand();
 
    // TODO: Acquire mutex locks for source and target arrays to ensure that
    // value copying is always thread-safe. Note that the unsafe method will be
    // faster, but can only be used if neither the source or target arrays are
    // modified during copying. Note that this will require a new private
    // virtual method with ABI=7 to access the mutex from the derived class.
 
    this->doCopyValues(sourceArray, iter, true);
 
    // attempt to compact target array
    if (compact) {
        this->compact();
    }
}
 
 
////////////////////////////////////////
 
// TypedAttributeArray implementation
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::TypedAttributeArray(
    Index n, Index strideOrTotalSize, bool constantStride, const ValueType& uniformValue)
    : AttributeArray()
    , mData(new StorageType[1])
    , mSize(n)
    , mStrideOrTotalSize(strideOrTotalSize)
{
    if (constantStride) {
        this->setConstantStride(true);
        if (strideOrTotalSize == 0) {
            OPENVDB_THROW(ValueError, "Creating a TypedAttributeArray with a constant stride requires that " \
                                        "stride to be at least one.")
        }
    }
    else {
        this->setConstantStride(false);
        if (mStrideOrTotalSize < n) {
            OPENVDB_THROW(ValueError, "Creating a TypedAttributeArray with a non-constant stride must have " \
                                        "a total size of at least the number of elements in the array.")
        }
    }
    mSize = std::max(Index(1), mSize);
    mStrideOrTotalSize = std::max(Index(1), mStrideOrTotalSize);
    Codec::encode(uniformValue, this->data()[0]);
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::TypedAttributeArray(const TypedAttributeArray& rhs)
    : TypedAttributeArray(rhs, tbb::spin_mutex::scoped_lock(rhs.mMutex))
{
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::TypedAttributeArray(const TypedAttributeArray& rhs,
    const tbb::spin_mutex::scoped_lock& lock)
    : AttributeArray(rhs, lock)
    , mSize(rhs.mSize)
    , mStrideOrTotalSize(rhs.mStrideOrTotalSize)
{
    if (this->validData()) {
        this->allocate();
        std::memcpy(static_cast<void*>(this->data()), rhs.data(), this->arrayMemUsage());
    }
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>&
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::operator=(const TypedAttributeArray& rhs)
{
    if (&rhs != this) {
        // lock both the source and target arrays to ensure thread-safety
        tbb::spin_mutex::scoped_lock lock(mMutex);
        tbb::spin_mutex::scoped_lock rhsLock(rhs.mMutex);
 
        this->deallocate();
 
        mFlags = rhs.mFlags;
        mUsePagedRead = rhs.mUsePagedRead;
        mSize = rhs.mSize;
        mStrideOrTotalSize = rhs.mStrideOrTotalSize;
        mIsUniform = rhs.mIsUniform;
 
        if (this->validData()) {
            this->allocate();
            std::memcpy(static_cast<void*>(this->data()), rhs.data(), this->arrayMemUsage());
        }
    }
 
    return *this;
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
inline const NamePair&
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::attributeType()
{
    static NamePair sTypeName = []() {
        return NamePair(typeNameAsString<ValueType>(), Codec::name());
    }();
    return sTypeName;
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
inline bool
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::isRegistered()
{
    return AttributeArray::isRegistered(TypedAttributeArray::attributeType());
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
inline void
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::registerType()
{
    AttributeArray::registerType(TypedAttributeArray::attributeType(), TypedAttributeArray::factory);
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
inline void
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::unregisterType()
{
    AttributeArray::unregisterType(TypedAttributeArray::attributeType());
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
inline typename TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::Ptr
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::create(Index n, Index stride, bool constantStride,
    const Metadata* metadata)
{
    const TypedMetadata<ValueType>* typedMetadata = metadata ?
        dynamic_cast<const TypedMetadata<ValueType>*>(metadata) : nullptr;
 
    return Ptr(new TypedAttributeArray(n, stride, constantStride,
        typedMetadata ? typedMetadata->value() : zeroVal<ValueType>()));
}
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
inline TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>&
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::cast(AttributeArray& attributeArray)
{
    if (!attributeArray.isType<TypedAttributeArray>()) {
        OPENVDB_THROW(TypeError, "Invalid Attribute Type");
    }
    return static_cast<TypedAttributeArray&>(attributeArray);
}
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
inline const TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>&
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::cast(const AttributeArray& attributeArray)
{
    if (!attributeArray.isType<TypedAttributeArray>()) {
        OPENVDB_THROW(TypeError, "Invalid Attribute Type");
    }
    return static_cast<const TypedAttributeArray&>(attributeArray);
}
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
AttributeArray::Ptr
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::copy() const
{
    return AttributeArray::Ptr(new TypedAttributeArray<ValueType, Codec>(*this));
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
size_t
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::arrayMemUsage() const
{
    if (this->isOutOfCore())        return 0;
 
    return (mIsUniform ? 1 : this->dataSize()) * sizeof(StorageType);
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
void
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::allocate()
{
    OPENVDB_ASSERT(!mData);
    if (mIsUniform) {
        mData.reset(new StorageType[1]);
    }
    else {
        const size_t size(this->dataSize());
        OPENVDB_ASSERT(size > 0);
        mData.reset(new StorageType[size]);
    }
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
void
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::deallocate()
{
    // detach from file if delay-loaded
    if (this->isOutOfCore()) {
        this->setOutOfCore(false);
        this->mPageHandle.reset();
    }
    if (mData)      mData.reset();
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
bool
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::valueTypeIsFloatingPoint() const
{
    // TODO: Update to use Traits that correctly handle matrices and quaternions.
 
    if (std::is_same<ValueType, Quats>::value ||
        std::is_same<ValueType, Quatd>::value ||
        std::is_same<ValueType, Mat3s>::value ||
        std::is_same<ValueType, Mat3d>::value ||
        std::is_same<ValueType, Mat4s>::value ||
        std::is_same<ValueType, Mat4d>::value)      return true;
 
    using ElementT = typename VecTraits<ValueType>::ElementType;
 
    // half is not defined as float point as expected, so explicitly handle it
    return std::is_floating_point<ElementT>::value || std::is_same<math::half, ElementT>::value;
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
bool
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::valueTypeIsClass() const
{
    // half is not defined as a non-class type as expected, so explicitly exclude it
    return std::is_class<ValueType>::value && !std::is_same<math::half, ValueType>::value;
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
bool
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::valueTypeIsVector() const
{
    return VecTraits<ValueType>::IsVec;
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
bool
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::valueTypeIsQuaternion() const
{
    // TODO: improve performance by making this a compile-time check using type traits
    return !this->valueType().compare(0, 4, "quat");
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
bool
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::valueTypeIsMatrix() const
{
    // TODO: improve performance by making this a compile-time check using type traits
    return !this->valueType().compare(0, 3, "mat");
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
size_t
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::memUsage() const
{
    return sizeof(*this) + (bool(mData) ? this->arrayMemUsage() : 0);
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
size_t
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::memUsageIfLoaded() const
{
    return sizeof(*this) + (mIsUniform ? 1 : this->dataSize()) * sizeof(StorageType);
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
typename TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::ValueType
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::getUnsafe(Index n) const
{
    OPENVDB_ASSERT(n < this->dataSize());
 
    ValueType val;
    Codec::decode(/*in=*/this->data()[mIsUniform ? 0 : n], /*out=*/val);
    return val;
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
typename TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::ValueType
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::get(Index n) const
{
    if (n >= this->dataSize())           OPENVDB_THROW(IndexError, "Out-of-range access.");
    if (this->isOutOfCore())            this->doLoad();
 
    return this->getUnsafe(n);
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
template<typename T>
void
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::getUnsafe(Index n, T& val) const
{
    val = static_cast<T>(this->getUnsafe(n));
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
template<typename T>
void
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::get(Index n, T& val) const
{
    val = static_cast<T>(this->get(n));
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
typename TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::ValueType
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::getUnsafe(const AttributeArray* array, const Index n)
{
    return static_cast<const TypedAttributeArray<ValueType, Codec>*>(array)->getUnsafe(n);
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
void
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::setUnsafe(Index n, const ValueType& val)
{
    OPENVDB_ASSERT(n < this->dataSize());
    OPENVDB_ASSERT(!this->isOutOfCore());
    OPENVDB_ASSERT(!this->isUniform());
 
    // this unsafe method assumes the data is not uniform, however if it is, this redirects the index
    // to zero, which is marginally less efficient but ensures not writing to an illegal address
 
    Codec::encode(/*in=*/val, /*out=*/this->data()[mIsUniform ? 0 : n]);
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
void
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::set(Index n, const ValueType& val)
{
    if (n >= this->dataSize())           OPENVDB_THROW(IndexError, "Out-of-range access.");
    if (this->isOutOfCore())            this->doLoad();
    if (this->isUniform())              this->expand();
 
    this->setUnsafe(n, val);
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
template<typename T>
void
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::setUnsafe(Index n, const T& val)
{
    this->setUnsafe(n, static_cast<ValueType>(val));
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
template<typename T>
void
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::set(Index n, const T& val)
{
    this->set(n, static_cast<ValueType>(val));
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
void
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::setUnsafe(AttributeArray* array, const Index n, const ValueType& value)
{
    static_cast<TypedAttributeArray<ValueType, Codec>*>(array)->setUnsafe(n, value);
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
void
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::expand(bool fill)
{
    if (!mIsUniform)    return;
 
    const StorageType val = this->data()[0];
 
    {
        tbb::spin_mutex::scoped_lock lock(mMutex);
        this->deallocate();
        mIsUniform = false;
        this->allocate();
    }
 
    if (fill) {
        for (Index i = 0; i < this->dataSize(); ++i)  this->data()[i] = val;
    }
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
bool
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::compact()
{
    if (mIsUniform)     return true;
 
    // compaction is not possible if any values are different
    const ValueType_ val = this->get(0);
    for (Index i = 1; i < this->dataSize(); i++) {
        if (!math::isExactlyEqual(this->get(i), val)) return false;
    }
 
    this->collapse(this->get(0));
    return true;
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
void
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::collapse()
{
    this->collapse(zeroVal<ValueType>());
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
void
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::collapse(const ValueType& uniformValue)
{
    if (!mIsUniform) {
        tbb::spin_mutex::scoped_lock lock(mMutex);
        this->deallocate();
        mIsUniform = true;
        this->allocate();
    }
    Codec::encode(uniformValue, this->data()[0]);
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
void
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::collapse(AttributeArray* array, const ValueType& value)
{
    static_cast<TypedAttributeArray<ValueType, Codec>*>(array)->collapse(value);
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
void
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::fill(const ValueType& value)
{
    if (this->isOutOfCore()) {
        tbb::spin_mutex::scoped_lock lock(mMutex);
        this->deallocate();
        this->allocate();
    }
 
    const Index size = mIsUniform ? 1 : this->dataSize();
    for (Index i = 0; i < size; ++i)  {
        Codec::encode(value, this->data()[i]);
    }
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
void
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::fill(AttributeArray* array, const ValueType& value)
{
    static_cast<TypedAttributeArray<ValueType, Codec>*>(array)->fill(value);
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
bool
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::isOutOfCore() const
{
    return mOutOfCore;
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
void
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::setOutOfCore(const bool b)
{
    mOutOfCore = b;
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
void
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::doLoad() const
{
    if (!(this->isOutOfCore()))     return;
 
    TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>* self =
        const_cast<TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>*>(this);
 
    // This lock will be contended at most once, after which this buffer
    // will no longer be out-of-core.
    tbb::spin_mutex::scoped_lock lock(self->mMutex);
    this->doLoadUnsafe();
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
void
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::loadData() const
{
    this->doLoad();
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
bool
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::isDataLoaded() const
{
    return !this->isOutOfCore();
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
void
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::read(std::istream& is)
{
    this->readMetadata(is);
    this->readBuffers(is);
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
void
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::readMetadata(std::istream& is)
{
    // read data
 
    Index64 bytes = Index64(0);
    is.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&bytes), sizeof(Index64));
    bytes = bytes - /*flags*/sizeof(Int16) - /*size*/sizeof(Index);
 
    uint8_t flags = uint8_t(0);
    is.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&flags), sizeof(uint8_t));
    mFlags = flags;
 
    uint8_t serializationFlags = uint8_t(0);
    is.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&serializationFlags), sizeof(uint8_t));
 
    Index size = Index(0);
    is.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&size), sizeof(Index));
    mSize = size;
 
    // warn if an unknown flag has been set
    if (mFlags >= 0x20) {
        OPENVDB_LOG_WARN("Unknown attribute flags for VDB file format.");
    }
    // error if an unknown serialization flag has been set,
    // as this will adjust the layout of the data and corrupt the ability to read
    if (serializationFlags >= 0x10) {
        OPENVDB_THROW(IoError, "Unknown attribute serialization flags for VDB file format.");
    }
 
    // set uniform, compressed and page read state
 
    mIsUniform = serializationFlags & WRITEUNIFORM;
    mUsePagedRead = serializationFlags & WRITEPAGED;
    mCompressedBytes = bytes;
    mFlags |= PARTIALREAD; // mark data as having been partially read
 
    // read strided value (set to 1 if array is not strided)
 
    if (serializationFlags & WRITESTRIDED) {
        Index stride = Index(0);
        is.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&stride), sizeof(Index));
        mStrideOrTotalSize = stride;
    }
    else {
        mStrideOrTotalSize = 1;
    }
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
void
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::readBuffers(std::istream& is)
{
    if (mUsePagedRead) {
        // use readBuffers(PagedInputStream&) for paged buffers
        OPENVDB_THROW(IoError, "Cannot read paged AttributeArray buffers.");
    }
 
    tbb::spin_mutex::scoped_lock lock(mMutex);
 
    this->deallocate();
 
    uint8_t bloscCompressed(0);
    if (!mIsUniform)    is.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&bloscCompressed), sizeof(uint8_t));
 
    OPENVDB_ASSERT(mFlags & PARTIALREAD);
    std::unique_ptr<char[]> buffer(new char[mCompressedBytes]);
    is.read(buffer.get(), mCompressedBytes);
    mCompressedBytes = 0;
    mFlags = static_cast<uint8_t>(mFlags & ~PARTIALREAD); // mark data read as having completed
 
    // compressed on-disk
 
    if (bloscCompressed == uint8_t(1)) {
 
        // decompress buffer
 
        const size_t inBytes = this->dataSize() * sizeof(StorageType);
        std::unique_ptr<char[]> newBuffer = compression::bloscDecompress(buffer.get(), inBytes);
        if (newBuffer)  buffer.reset(newBuffer.release());
    }
 
    // set data to buffer
 
    mData.reset(reinterpret_cast<StorageType*>(buffer.release()));
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
void
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::readPagedBuffers(compression::PagedInputStream& is)
{
    if (!mUsePagedRead) {
        if (!is.sizeOnly()) this->readBuffers(is.getInputStream());
        return;
    }
 
#ifdef OPENVDB_USE_DELAYED_LOADING
    // If this array is being read from a memory-mapped file, delay loading of its data
    // until the data is actually accessed.
    io::MappedFile::Ptr mappedFile = io::getMappedFilePtr(is.getInputStream());
    const bool delayLoad = (mappedFile.get() != nullptr);
#endif
 
    if (is.sizeOnly())
    {
        size_t compressedBytes(mCompressedBytes);
        mCompressedBytes = 0; // if not set to zero, mPageHandle will attempt to destroy invalid memory
        mFlags = static_cast<uint8_t>(mFlags & ~PARTIALREAD); // mark data read as having completed
        OPENVDB_ASSERT(!mPageHandle);
        mPageHandle = is.createHandle(compressedBytes);
        return;
    }
 
    OPENVDB_ASSERT(mPageHandle);
 
    tbb::spin_mutex::scoped_lock lock(mMutex);
 
    this->deallocate();
 
#ifdef OPENVDB_USE_DELAYED_LOADING
    this->setOutOfCore(delayLoad);
    is.read(mPageHandle, std::streamsize(mPageHandle->size()), delayLoad);
#else
    is.read(mPageHandle, std::streamsize(mPageHandle->size()), false);
#endif // OPENVDB_USE_DELAYED_LOADING
 
#ifdef OPENVDB_USE_DELAYED_LOADING
    if (!delayLoad) {
#endif
        std::unique_ptr<char[]> buffer = mPageHandle->read();
        mData.reset(reinterpret_cast<StorageType*>(buffer.release()));
        mPageHandle.reset();
#ifdef OPENVDB_USE_DELAYED_LOADING
    }
#endif
 
    // clear page state
 
    mUsePagedRead = 0;
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
void
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::write(std::ostream& os) const
{
    this->write(os, /*outputTransient=*/false);
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
void
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::write(std::ostream& os, bool outputTransient) const
{
    this->writeMetadata(os, outputTransient, /*paged=*/false);
    this->writeBuffers(os, outputTransient);
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
void
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::writeMetadata(std::ostream& os, bool outputTransient, bool paged) const
{
    if (!outputTransient && this->isTransient())    return;
 
    if (mFlags & PARTIALREAD) {
        OPENVDB_THROW(IoError, "Cannot write out a partially-read AttributeArray.");
    }
 
    uint8_t flags(mFlags);
    uint8_t serializationFlags(0);
    Index size(mSize);
    Index strideOrTotalSize(mStrideOrTotalSize);
    bool strideOfOne(this->stride() == 1);
 
    bool bloscCompression = io::getDataCompression(os) & io::COMPRESS_BLOSC;
 
    // any compressed data needs to be loaded if out-of-core
    if (bloscCompression)    this->doLoad();
 
    size_t compressedBytes = 0;
 
    if (!strideOfOne)
    {
        serializationFlags |= WRITESTRIDED;
    }
 
    if (mIsUniform)
    {
        serializationFlags |= WRITEUNIFORM;
        if (bloscCompression && paged)      serializationFlags |= WRITEPAGED;
    }
    else if (bloscCompression)
    {
        if (paged)      serializationFlags |= WRITEPAGED;
        else {
            const char* charBuffer = reinterpret_cast<const char*>(this->data());
            const size_t inBytes = this->arrayMemUsage();
            compressedBytes = compression::bloscCompressedSize(charBuffer, inBytes);
        }
    }
 
    Index64 bytes = /*flags*/ sizeof(Int16) + /*size*/ sizeof(Index);
 
    bytes += (compressedBytes > 0) ? compressedBytes : this->arrayMemUsage();
 
    // write data
 
    os.write(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(&bytes), sizeof(Index64));
    os.write(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(&flags), sizeof(uint8_t));
    os.write(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(&serializationFlags), sizeof(uint8_t));
    os.write(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(&size), sizeof(Index));
 
    // write strided
    if (!strideOfOne) os.write(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(&strideOrTotalSize), sizeof(Index));
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
void
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::writeBuffers(std::ostream& os, bool outputTransient) const
{
    if (!outputTransient && this->isTransient())    return;
 
    if (mFlags & PARTIALREAD) {
        OPENVDB_THROW(IoError, "Cannot write out a partially-read AttributeArray.");
    }
 
    this->doLoad();
 
    if (this->isUniform()) {
        os.write(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(this->data()), sizeof(StorageType));
    }
    else if (io::getDataCompression(os) & io::COMPRESS_BLOSC)
    {
        std::unique_ptr<char[]> compressedBuffer;
        size_t compressedBytes = 0;
        const char* charBuffer = reinterpret_cast<const char*>(this->data());
        const size_t inBytes = this->arrayMemUsage();
        compressedBuffer = compression::bloscCompress(charBuffer, inBytes, compressedBytes);
        if (compressedBuffer) {
            uint8_t bloscCompressed(1);
            os.write(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(&bloscCompressed), sizeof(uint8_t));
            os.write(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(compressedBuffer.get()), compressedBytes);
        }
        else {
            uint8_t bloscCompressed(0);
            os.write(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(&bloscCompressed), sizeof(uint8_t));
            os.write(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(this->data()), inBytes);
        }
    }
    else
    {
        uint8_t bloscCompressed(0);
        os.write(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(&bloscCompressed), sizeof(uint8_t));
        os.write(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(this->data()), this->arrayMemUsage());
    }
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
void
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::writePagedBuffers(compression::PagedOutputStream& os, bool outputTransient) const
{
    if (!outputTransient && this->isTransient())    return;
 
    // paged compression only available when Blosc is enabled
    bool bloscCompression = io::getDataCompression(os.getOutputStream()) & io::COMPRESS_BLOSC;
    if (!bloscCompression) {
        if (!os.sizeOnly())   this->writeBuffers(os.getOutputStream(), outputTransient);
        return;
    }
 
    if (mFlags & PARTIALREAD) {
        OPENVDB_THROW(IoError, "Cannot write out a partially-read AttributeArray.");
    }
 
    this->doLoad();
 
    os.write(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(this->data()), this->arrayMemUsage());
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
void
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::doLoadUnsafe() const
{
    if (!(this->isOutOfCore())) return;
 
    // this function expects the mutex to already be locked
 
    auto* self = const_cast<TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>*>(this);
 
    OPENVDB_ASSERT(self->mPageHandle);
    OPENVDB_ASSERT(!(self->mFlags & PARTIALREAD));
 
    std::unique_ptr<char[]> buffer = self->mPageHandle->read();
 
    self->mData.reset(reinterpret_cast<StorageType*>(buffer.release()));
 
    self->mPageHandle.reset();
 
    // clear all write and out-of-core flags
 
    self->mOutOfCore = false;
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
AttributeArray::AccessorBasePtr
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::getAccessor() const
{
    // use the faster 'unsafe' get and set methods as attribute handles
    // ensure data is in-core when constructed
 
    return AccessorBasePtr(new AttributeArray::Accessor<ValueType_>(
        &TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::getUnsafe,
        &TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::setUnsafe,
        &TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::collapse,
        &TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::fill));
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
bool
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::isEqual(const AttributeArray& other) const
{
    const TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>* const otherT = dynamic_cast<const TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>* >(&other);
    if(!otherT) return false;
    if(this->mSize != otherT->mSize ||
       this->mStrideOrTotalSize != otherT->mStrideOrTotalSize ||
       this->mIsUniform != otherT->mIsUniform ||
       this->attributeType() != this->attributeType()) return false;
 
    this->doLoad();
    otherT->doLoad();
 
    const StorageType *target = this->data(), *source = otherT->data();
    if (!target && !source) return true;
    if (!target || !source) return false;
    Index n = this->mIsUniform ? 1 : mSize;
    while (n && math::isExactlyEqual(*target++, *source++)) --n;
    return n == 0;
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
char*
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::dataAsByteArray()
{
    return reinterpret_cast<char*>(this->data());
}
 
 
template<typename ValueType_, typename Codec_>
const char*
TypedAttributeArray<ValueType_, Codec_>::dataAsByteArray() const
{
    return reinterpret_cast<const char*>(this->data());
}
 
 
////////////////////////////////////////
 
 
/// Accessor to call unsafe get and set methods based on templated Codec and Value
template <typename CodecType, typename ValueType>
struct AccessorEval
{
    using GetterPtr = ValueType (*)(const AttributeArray* array, const Index n);
    using SetterPtr = void (*)(AttributeArray* array, const Index n, const ValueType& value);
 
    /// Getter that calls to TypedAttributeArray::getUnsafe()
    /// @note Functor argument is provided but not required for the generic case
    static ValueType get(GetterPtr /*functor*/, const AttributeArray* array, const Index n) {
        return TypedAttributeArray<ValueType, CodecType>::getUnsafe(array, n);
    }
 
    /// Getter that calls to TypedAttributeArray::setUnsafe()
    /// @note Functor argument is provided but not required for the generic case
    static void set(SetterPtr /*functor*/, AttributeArray* array, const Index n, const ValueType& value) {
        TypedAttributeArray<ValueType, CodecType>::setUnsafe(array, n, value);
    }
};
 
 
/// Partial specialization when Codec is not known at compile-time to use the supplied functor instead
template <typename ValueType>
struct AccessorEval<UnknownCodec, ValueType>
{
    using GetterPtr = ValueType (*)(const AttributeArray* array, const Index n);
    using SetterPtr = void (*)(AttributeArray* array, const Index n, const ValueType& value);
 
    /// Getter that calls the supplied functor
    static ValueType get(GetterPtr functor, const AttributeArray* array, const Index n) {
        return (*functor)(array, n);
    }
 
    /// Setter that calls the supplied functor
    static void set(SetterPtr functor, AttributeArray* array, const Index n, const ValueType& value) {
        (*functor)(array, n, value);
    }
};
 
 
////////////////////////////////////////
 
// AttributeHandle implementation
 
template <typename ValueType, typename CodecType>
typename AttributeHandle<ValueType, CodecType>::Ptr
AttributeHandle<ValueType, CodecType>::create(const AttributeArray& array, const bool collapseOnDestruction)
{
    return  typename AttributeHandle<ValueType, CodecType>::Ptr(
            new AttributeHandle<ValueType, CodecType>(array, collapseOnDestruction));
}
 
template <typename ValueType, typename CodecType>
AttributeHandle<ValueType, CodecType>::AttributeHandle(const AttributeArray& array, const bool collapseOnDestruction)
    : mArray(&array)
    , mStrideOrTotalSize(array.hasConstantStride() ? array.stride() : 1)
    , mSize(array.hasConstantStride() ? array.size() : array.dataSize())
    , mCollapseOnDestruction(collapseOnDestruction && array.isStreaming())
{
    if (!this->compatibleType<std::is_same<CodecType, UnknownCodec>::value>()) {
        OPENVDB_THROW(TypeError, "Cannot bind handle due to incompatible type of AttributeArray.");
    }
 
    // load data if delay-loaded
 
    mArray->loadData();
 
    // bind getter and setter methods
 
    AttributeArray::AccessorBasePtr accessor = mArray->getAccessor();
    OPENVDB_ASSERT(accessor);
 
    AttributeArray::Accessor<ValueType>* typedAccessor = static_cast<AttributeArray::Accessor<ValueType>*>(accessor.get());
 
    mGetter = typedAccessor->mGetter;
    mSetter = typedAccessor->mSetter;
    mCollapser = typedAccessor->mCollapser;
    mFiller = typedAccessor->mFiller;
}
 
template <typename ValueType, typename CodecType>
AttributeHandle<ValueType, CodecType>::~AttributeHandle()
{
    // if enabled, attribute is collapsed on destruction of the handle to save memory
    if (mCollapseOnDestruction)  const_cast<AttributeArray*>(this->mArray)->collapse();
}
 
template <typename ValueType, typename CodecType>
template <bool IsUnknownCodec>
typename std::enable_if<IsUnknownCodec, bool>::type
AttributeHandle<ValueType, CodecType>::compatibleType() const
{
    // if codec is unknown, just check the value type
 
    return mArray->hasValueType<ValueType>();
}
 
template <typename ValueType, typename CodecType>
template <bool IsUnknownCodec>
typename std::enable_if<!IsUnknownCodec, bool>::type
AttributeHandle<ValueType, CodecType>::compatibleType() const
{
    // if the codec is known, check the value type and codec
 
    return mArray->isType<TypedAttributeArray<ValueType, CodecType>>();
}
 
template <typename ValueType, typename CodecType>
const AttributeArray& AttributeHandle<ValueType, CodecType>::array() const
{
    OPENVDB_ASSERT(mArray);
    return *mArray;
}
 
template <typename ValueType, typename CodecType>
Index AttributeHandle<ValueType, CodecType>::index(Index n, Index m) const
{
    Index index = n * mStrideOrTotalSize + m;
    OPENVDB_ASSERT(index < (mSize * mStrideOrTotalSize));
    return index;
}
 
template <typename ValueType, typename CodecType>
ValueType AttributeHandle<ValueType, CodecType>::get(Index n, Index m) const
{
    return this->get<std::is_same<CodecType, UnknownCodec>::value>(this->index(n, m));
}
 
template <typename ValueType, typename CodecType>
template <bool IsUnknownCodec>
typename std::enable_if<IsUnknownCodec, ValueType>::type
AttributeHandle<ValueType, CodecType>::get(Index index) const
{
    // if the codec is unknown, use the getter functor
 
    return (*mGetter)(mArray, index);
}
 
template <typename ValueType, typename CodecType>
template <bool IsUnknownCodec>
typename std::enable_if<!IsUnknownCodec, ValueType>::type
AttributeHandle<ValueType, CodecType>::get(Index index) const
{
    // if the codec is known, call the method on the attribute array directly
 
    return TypedAttributeArray<ValueType, CodecType>::getUnsafe(mArray, index);
}
 
template <typename ValueType, typename CodecType>
bool AttributeHandle<ValueType, CodecType>::isUniform() const
{
    return mArray->isUniform();
}
 
template <typename ValueType, typename CodecType>
bool AttributeHandle<ValueType, CodecType>::hasConstantStride() const
{
    return mArray->hasConstantStride();
}
 
////////////////////////////////////////
 
// AttributeWriteHandle implementation
 
template <typename ValueType, typename CodecType>
typename AttributeWriteHandle<ValueType, CodecType>::Ptr
AttributeWriteHandle<ValueType, CodecType>::create(AttributeArray& array, const bool expand)
{
    return  typename AttributeWriteHandle<ValueType, CodecType>::Ptr(
            new AttributeWriteHandle<ValueType, CodecType>(array, expand));
}
 
template <typename ValueType, typename CodecType>
AttributeWriteHandle<ValueType, CodecType>::AttributeWriteHandle(AttributeArray& array, const bool expand)
    : AttributeHandle<ValueType, CodecType>(array, /*collapseOnDestruction=*/false)
{
    if (expand)     array.expand();
}
 
template <typename ValueType, typename CodecType>
void AttributeWriteHandle<ValueType, CodecType>::set(Index n, const ValueType& value)
{
    this->set<std::is_same<CodecType, UnknownCodec>::value>(this->index(n, 0), value);
}
 
template <typename ValueType, typename CodecType>
void AttributeWriteHandle<ValueType, CodecType>::set(Index n, Index m, const ValueType& value)
{
    this->set<std::is_same<CodecType, UnknownCodec>::value>(this->index(n, m), value);
}
 
template <typename ValueType, typename CodecType>
void AttributeWriteHandle<ValueType, CodecType>::expand(const bool fill)
{
    const_cast<AttributeArray*>(this->mArray)->expand(fill);
}
 
template <typename ValueType, typename CodecType>
void AttributeWriteHandle<ValueType, CodecType>::collapse()
{
    const_cast<AttributeArray*>(this->mArray)->collapse();
}
 
template <typename ValueType, typename CodecType>
bool AttributeWriteHandle<ValueType, CodecType>::compact()
{
    return const_cast<AttributeArray*>(this->mArray)->compact();
}
 
template <typename ValueType, typename CodecType>
void AttributeWriteHandle<ValueType, CodecType>::collapse(const ValueType& uniformValue)
{
    this->mCollapser(const_cast<AttributeArray*>(this->mArray), uniformValue);
}
 
template <typename ValueType, typename CodecType>
void AttributeWriteHandle<ValueType, CodecType>::fill(const ValueType& value)
{
    this->mFiller(const_cast<AttributeArray*>(this->mArray), value);
}
 
template <typename ValueType, typename CodecType>
template <bool IsUnknownCodec>
typename std::enable_if<IsUnknownCodec, void>::type
AttributeWriteHandle<ValueType, CodecType>::set(Index index, const ValueType& value) const
{
    // if the codec is unknown, use the setter functor
 
    (*this->mSetter)(const_cast<AttributeArray*>(this->mArray), index, value);
}
 
template <typename ValueType, typename CodecType>
template <bool IsUnknownCodec>
typename std::enable_if<!IsUnknownCodec, void>::type
AttributeWriteHandle<ValueType, CodecType>::set(Index index, const ValueType& value) const
{
    // if the codec is known, call the method on the attribute array directly
 
    TypedAttributeArray<ValueType, CodecType>::setUnsafe(const_cast<AttributeArray*>(this->mArray), index, value);
}
 
template <typename ValueType, typename CodecType>
AttributeArray& AttributeWriteHandle<ValueType, CodecType>::array()
{
    OPENVDB_ASSERT(this->mArray);
    return *const_cast<AttributeArray*>(this->mArray);
}
 
 
} // namespace points
} // namespace OPENVDB_VERSION_NAME
} // namespace openvdb
 
#endif // OPENVDB_POINTS_ATTRIBUTE_ARRAY_HAS_BEEN_INCLUDED